According to 2011 census in India1, there are 586469174 women in India, i.e. 48.46% of India's population and 8.38% of total world's population (which is roughly around the total number of English and Spanish speaking people in the world).
Out of these only 65.46% are literate2 (as compared to 82.14% literacy rate in males), with the definition of literacy being very narrow.
Crimes against women3 include rape (20737 cases in the year 2007), dowry deaths (8093 cases), molestation (38734 cases), sexual harassment (10950 cases) and cruelty by husbands/relatives (75930 cases). To add to that, there is human trafficking (for sexual slavery or domestic servitude), female infanticide, discrimination, acid attacks, lack of health care and forced marriage. The number of rape cases has increased by 80% in 7 years from 2000 and is still increasing. In the year 2011, 26000 rapes were reported4 throughout India; in fact it is the fastest growing crime in India. According to Thomas Reuters Foundation5, India is the fourth most dangerous country in the world for women behind Afghanistan, Congo and Pakistan.
According to many, there are three main reasons behind this:
1. Social taboo:
We Indians (including me) are hypocrites when it comes to dealing with rape survivors6. They are outcasted to protect family's so-called honor and hence most of the rape cases aren't reported or are dropped. Also, in event of such crimes, most of us prefer not to intervene and help the victim (be it eve-teasing, dowry, rape, etc) and her family. This indifference in our attitude provides additional incentives to the rapist to commit such heinous crime.
2. Severity of punishment:
An unenforced law means nothing however stringent they are. So, I don't think severity of punishment acts as a deterrent to rapists. In fact, considering how our law enforcement agencies (both judicial and policing) are, the rapists might not be wrong to think they won't be apprehended at all. With such an alarming increase in rape cases, one might think it's reasonable to support increasing severity in special circumstances7 and especially for repeat offenders. But, the point to note is, in India, rape is punishable up to life imprisonment9 which I think is severe enough. The main problem is that it doesn't get enforced or it takes way too long.
3. Lack of speedy and fair trials with severe punishment to rape shield violators:
There already are provisions for speedy trials10 and rape shields11, but don't get executed due to lack of resources and infrastructure. First, there are 26.3 million pending cases8. Then there aren't enough women officers (I believe there should be an option for the victim to talk directly to women officers in every police chowky, for reporting rape, molestation, etc). Lastly, even though India has one of the strongest rape shield laws, Chaudhry11 says they are routinely violated or reduced to technicality in practice. It is imperative to punish any authority that violates the rape shield.
Let me reiterate my point: an unenforced law will solve nothing. I see the protestors (which btw I salute for their efforts, barring the ones that are doing it for political gains and media attention/ratings) are focusing on the wrong issue: asking for death penalty law for rape.
Why ? Researchers have shown again and again12, certainty and not severity of punishment proves to be true deterrent for the crime. In fact, increasing severity can turn to be counterproductive (i.e. may lead to more false negatives).
Sure, increasing severity might help us, as the society, deal with the shock, but it will do nothing to help improve the safety of women. The law will be passed, authorities will keep on violating rape shield, there will still be little or no resources to handle the case quickly and we shall go to living our life once again forgetting this incident ever happened and at the same time congratulating ourselves for the job well done. If you do truly care about the situation, let's forget the quick fix and do a more difficult thing: Take a step back and dispassionately think how we can solve this problem once and for all. Here is what I could think of:
- Punishment or/and suspension of authority breaking rape shield (or discouraging victims for registering complaints).
- Increase in forensic and judiciary budgets to expedite trials.
- More women cops and psychological experts to help deal with the trauma. Also, create a special department for dealing with these crimes or train existing police officers to deal with such scenarios.
- Incentive programs for improving the female literacy rate.
- Standing up for the crimes against women when we see it, while still keeping our paternal instinct in check so that every women gets to enjoy her liberty.
It took me half a day to write this blogpost and I humbly admit I am missing lot of points. But, I am sure a more experienced panel can come up with better solution if they are not sidelined by politics or their own self-interest.
References:
1. Census of India: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_census_of_India
3. National Crime Records Bureau: http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/1953-2007.pdf
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_in_India
5. http://www.trust.org/documents/womens-rights/resources/2011WomenPollResults.pdf
6. http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/determined-not-to-hide-her-identity-rape-survivor-bravely-tells-her-story/259248
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Delhi_gang_rape_case
8. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/india/Nearly-30-million-cases-pending-in-courts/Article1-224578.aspx
9. http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1279834/
10. http://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php/Right_to_a_Speedy_Trial#India
11. http://www.firstpost.com/living/gurgaon-gang-rape-let-me-tell-you-all-about-this-girl-242185.html
12. http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/deterrence%20briefing%20.pdf
Out of these only 65.46% are literate2 (as compared to 82.14% literacy rate in males), with the definition of literacy being very narrow.
Crimes against women3 include rape (20737 cases in the year 2007), dowry deaths (8093 cases), molestation (38734 cases), sexual harassment (10950 cases) and cruelty by husbands/relatives (75930 cases). To add to that, there is human trafficking (for sexual slavery or domestic servitude), female infanticide, discrimination, acid attacks, lack of health care and forced marriage. The number of rape cases has increased by 80% in 7 years from 2000 and is still increasing. In the year 2011, 26000 rapes were reported4 throughout India; in fact it is the fastest growing crime in India. According to Thomas Reuters Foundation5, India is the fourth most dangerous country in the world for women behind Afghanistan, Congo and Pakistan.
According to many, there are three main reasons behind this:
1. Social taboo:
We Indians (including me) are hypocrites when it comes to dealing with rape survivors6. They are outcasted to protect family's so-called honor and hence most of the rape cases aren't reported or are dropped. Also, in event of such crimes, most of us prefer not to intervene and help the victim (be it eve-teasing, dowry, rape, etc) and her family. This indifference in our attitude provides additional incentives to the rapist to commit such heinous crime.
2. Severity of punishment:
An unenforced law means nothing however stringent they are. So, I don't think severity of punishment acts as a deterrent to rapists. In fact, considering how our law enforcement agencies (both judicial and policing) are, the rapists might not be wrong to think they won't be apprehended at all. With such an alarming increase in rape cases, one might think it's reasonable to support increasing severity in special circumstances7 and especially for repeat offenders. But, the point to note is, in India, rape is punishable up to life imprisonment9 which I think is severe enough. The main problem is that it doesn't get enforced or it takes way too long.
3. Lack of speedy and fair trials with severe punishment to rape shield violators:
There already are provisions for speedy trials10 and rape shields11, but don't get executed due to lack of resources and infrastructure. First, there are 26.3 million pending cases8. Then there aren't enough women officers (I believe there should be an option for the victim to talk directly to women officers in every police chowky, for reporting rape, molestation, etc). Lastly, even though India has one of the strongest rape shield laws, Chaudhry11 says they are routinely violated or reduced to technicality in practice. It is imperative to punish any authority that violates the rape shield.
Let me reiterate my point: an unenforced law will solve nothing. I see the protestors (which btw I salute for their efforts, barring the ones that are doing it for political gains and media attention/ratings) are focusing on the wrong issue: asking for death penalty law for rape.
Why ? Researchers have shown again and again12, certainty and not severity of punishment proves to be true deterrent for the crime. In fact, increasing severity can turn to be counterproductive (i.e. may lead to more false negatives).
Sure, increasing severity might help us, as the society, deal with the shock, but it will do nothing to help improve the safety of women. The law will be passed, authorities will keep on violating rape shield, there will still be little or no resources to handle the case quickly and we shall go to living our life once again forgetting this incident ever happened and at the same time congratulating ourselves for the job well done. If you do truly care about the situation, let's forget the quick fix and do a more difficult thing: Take a step back and dispassionately think how we can solve this problem once and for all. Here is what I could think of:
- Punishment or/and suspension of authority breaking rape shield (or discouraging victims for registering complaints).
- Increase in forensic and judiciary budgets to expedite trials.
- More women cops and psychological experts to help deal with the trauma. Also, create a special department for dealing with these crimes or train existing police officers to deal with such scenarios.
- Incentive programs for improving the female literacy rate.
- Standing up for the crimes against women when we see it, while still keeping our paternal instinct in check so that every women gets to enjoy her liberty.
It took me half a day to write this blogpost and I humbly admit I am missing lot of points. But, I am sure a more experienced panel can come up with better solution if they are not sidelined by politics or their own self-interest.
References:
1. Census of India: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_census_of_India
3. National Crime Records Bureau: http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/1953-2007.pdf
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_in_India
5. http://www.trust.org/documents/womens-rights/resources/2011WomenPollResults.pdf
6. http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/determined-not-to-hide-her-identity-rape-survivor-bravely-tells-her-story/259248
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Delhi_gang_rape_case
8. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/india/Nearly-30-million-cases-pending-in-courts/Article1-224578.aspx
9. http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1279834/
10. http://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php/Right_to_a_Speedy_Trial#India
11. http://www.firstpost.com/living/gurgaon-gang-rape-let-me-tell-you-all-about-this-girl-242185.html
12. http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/deterrence%20briefing%20.pdf
3 comments:
Very well written Niketan. Appreciate your concern, efforts in doing the research on topic, and your attempt to write this in an objective manner.
I came across this article, that suggests the measures (to be) taken by Madhya Pradesh state government, and also some more states' governments: http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Bhopal/Anti-women-crime-in-MP-forget-govt-job-driving-licence/Article1-980358.aspx
Interesting, but not sure if it's constitutional (wrt passport and driving license).
If someone can get a loop hole around India's dreaded libel law, it won't be too difficult to create an online sex offenders registry (something like http://www2.fbi.gov/hq/cid/cac/registry.htm). It will serve as following:
- Help keep sex offenders away from school zones if appropriate authorities takes upon themselves to monitor the website.
- Shame the offender.
- It will serve as deterrence as this might have implications on offender's career.
- Provides inter-state monitoring.
If you have better suggestions than me, please send it to Justice Verma (justice.verma@nic.in -> http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=91179). This was suggested to me by my good friend Nitendra.
Here is a copy of the email I sent:
Honorary Justice Verma,
Please allow me to skip the pleasantries and come straight to the point:
1. Ensure that every rapist/molestor gets apprehended and punished:
- Speedy trial: provision already there[2], but lack of infrastructure makes it impractical => Increase judiciary and forensic budgets.
- Rape shields: already strongest in the world[3], but law enforcers (judicial and policing agencies) routine reduce it to technicality => This is where your first focus should be. If necessary suspend officers that reveal or harass the victims.
- Special unit to deal with rape cases that are trained to deal with psychological trauma as well have enough women officers.
- Online registry of sex offenders: Will help school authorities keep children safe. This will also serve as additional deterrence for the offender as it might affect its career prospect. FBI already has this.
- More severe laws not required (though it might help few people score more political points) as the current laws[4] are sufficient, it's just that we are not enforcing them.Researchers have shown again and again[1], certainty and not severity of punishment proves to be true deterrent (if any) for the crime. In fact, increasing severity can turn to be counterproductive (i.e. may lead to more false negatives).
- Additional sanctions to repeat offenders like no government jobs. Serious offenders need to register themselves in the online registry, must report monthly to police/parol officers and also disclose their crimes in special situations (marriage registration, driving license, etc).
2. Ensure that there is minimal red tape every victim/survivor has to go through:
- Enough women officers with above mentioned special unit. In fact, in every police station there has to be provision for the victim to talk to one if she wants to.
- Every police officers has to undergo training to deal with victim of rape.
For one day, let's forget partisanship, politics, public pressure, even our shock and focus only on issues that will result in safety of women. If we can't ensure above two main points (i.e. your suggestions do not reduce number of rapes significantly), we are and we will be equally guilty of the crime as the rapist.
I have ignored the need for change in society (i.e. bystanders, social taboo while reporting the crime, etc) in this email as there is no legal aspect to it.
References:
[1] http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/deterrence%20briefing%20.pdf
[2] http://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php/Right_to_a_Speedy_Trial#India
[3] http://www.firstpost.com/living/gurgaon-gang-rape-let-me-tell-you-all-about-this-girl-242185.html
[4] http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1279834/
Thanks,
Niketan Pansare.
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